The pursuit of the truth is the result of philosophy. Given the close relationship between truth and philosophy, it is imperative to briefly examine them in order to acknowledge their superiority.
Truth Illustration
Figure 1: Philosophy Branches
Epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and axiology are the four primary branches of philosophy that deal with the pursuit of truth. The four categories of logic are as follows: deductive, inductive, abductive, and fallacy logics. Among the four branches, logic is the most important, as it gives the truth precision.
Figure 2: Compare deduction, induction and abduction
The three primary logic methods used in the pursuit of truth in philosophy are deduction, induction, and abduction. There is an assurance of a deduction-logic conclusion. The induction logic conclusion is probably true, and the abduction conclusion is a best guess. Fallacies are erroneous logics usually based on self-deceit.
Figure 3: Personal Influence Scanner Zones
As illustrated in Figure 1, there are two diagrams: 1) Two Comfort Zone Points (ICP and PCP), Individual Comfort Zone for ICP, and Public Comfort Zone for PCP. 2) the Nkinga Diamond having two axes (IS and PS), an individual spectrum for IS, and a PS for the public spectrum. The next step is to scale ICP as the IS and PCP as the PS in order to create the Nkinga Diamond grid.
Therefore, Nkinga Diamond becomes a set of points characterized by IS and PS points. The resultant grid, as shown in Nkinga Diamond, gave rise to nine separate performance areas known as the PI-spectrum zones. Based on what we see in Nkinga Diamond’s From Casuals to Masterminds, the nine zones indicate individual habits. In micro-leadership, you can find the details about these zones.
The Truth and the Untruth (Fallacy)
Truth is an enormous and tricky topic. “Truth, like knowledge, is difficult to define.”1. “The question for truth is so old and so essential that philosophy has its own branch for it — epistemology” 2. In a big-picture view, philosophy is a search for truth. I agree as the quote, “Philosophy, in its simplest form, is a pursuit of truth.” 3. Knowing the Truth is very difficult. In such difficulty, I can assert that philosophy is asymptotic to Truth. However, I am not a philosopher; I am stepping high on philosophy guru to make use of the Truth in the Ultimate Enterprise.
One definition from Aristotle: truth, “in metaphysics and the philosophy of language, the property of sentences, assertions, beliefs, thoughts, or propositions that are said, in ordinary discourse, to agree with the facts or to state what is the case.”4. The following definition is clearer.
Truth Definition
“Truth is a quality that applies to beliefs, statements, and propositions that describe reality the way it actually is.”5.
The reference from: www.media.lanecc.edu clarifies the above definition as “Beliefs, statements and propositions represent or depict reality as being a certain way. Beliefs are mental representations, statements are verbal or written representations, and propositions are the abstract logical entities that beliefs and statements express. If a belief statement or proposition depicts reality the way it is, then it is true. If it depicts reality in a way other than it actually is, then it is false,” ibid.
Personality Tetra Receptor (PTR)
Basing on PTR I prefer detailing from definition from philosophynow.org basing on four factors that “determine the truthfulness of a theory or explanation: consistency, coherence, congruence, and usefulness,” 6. This four truthfulness of theory aligns well with PTR, detailed below.
Spiritual Receptor:
The vision (orientation needs): define situation, values, and meaning of their life according to the imprinted orientation of an individual. “Consistent. It has no contradictions within itself, and it fits together elegantly. The principle of consistency (same as the principle of non-contradiction) allows us to infer things consistent with what we already know,” – ibid.
Emotional Receptor:
Emotional needs of an individual/organization. “Coherent with everything else we consider true. It confirms, or at least cannot contradict, the rest of our established knowledge, where ‘knowledge’ means beliefs for which we can give rigorous reasons,” ibid.
Cognition Receptor:
Coordinate vision using ingenuity. “Congruent with our experience—meaning, it fits the facts. It is, in principle falsifiable (verifiable), but nothing falsifying it has been found. One way we can infer that our theory is congruent with the facts as we experience them is when what we experience is predictable from the theory. But truth is always provisional, not an end state. When we discover new facts, we may need to change our theory,” ibid.
Moral Receptor:
Aligned and ascended alternatives to the ethical needs of an individual/organization. “Useful. It gives us mastery. When we act based on a true theory or explanation, our actions are successful. What is true works to organize our thought and our practice so that we are able both to reason with logical rigor to true conclusions and to handle reality effectively. Truth enables us to exert our power, in the sense of our ability to get things done successfully. It has predictive power, allowing us to make good choices concerning what is likely to happen.” -ibid.
The truth is, when a “theory is congruent with our experience, internally consistent, coherent with everything else we know, and useful for organizing our thinking and practice” (ibid.).
Untruth is the opposite of the truth.
The above definitions cast knowledge that Truth is at an infinity place. Philosophy through epistemology keeps searching for it, coming closer but never accessing it. Therefore, philosophy, through epistemology, is asymptotic to TRUTH. That is why truth keeps changing in proportion to their variables. Variables are in the big picture: beliefs, statements, and propositions, and in details, congruence, consistency, coherency, and usefulness, from the definitions above. Let me briefly scribe philosophy.
Philosophy on Truth
It is the search for the truth as quoted in defining the truth. “Philosophy, in its simplest form, is a pursuit of truth.”7.
Philosophy Introduction
Let me illustrate the philosophy branches as from Figure 1: Philosophy Branches.
Figure 1: Philosophy Branches scribes “The four main branches of philosophy as epistemology, metaphysics, logic, and axiology.”8. Logic is further amplified into four categories because it is the most important in fulfilling the philosophy itself. To validate epistemology and metaphysics, one needs sound logic. Axiology is to control the process of logic, morally and in value. It strains away the immoral values and fallacies.
We distinguish four logics from Figure 1: Philosophy Branches, viz., deductive, inductive, abductive (informal) logics, and logic fallacies.
“Deductive and inductive approaches are the two methods that we use most of the time in research… abduction is believed to be a method of research in which the logic of creativity/discovery is highlighted over the logic of justification.”9. Let me briefly detail the four logics categories.
Deductive Logic
Truth is secured from deductive logics where all premises in investigation are available and true. “Deduction is the formation of a conclusion based on accepted statements or facts.”10. “Deductive research goes from theories to data. The task is to find theories that are very well known or defined and then apply them to a specific phenomenon. The collected data will then either approve or disapprove of these theories that you have tried to apply; both outcomes will then be valuable. Quantitative research is most commonly linked to or associated with the deductive approach.”11. Deductive logic goes on the following trend: Theory > hypotheses > observations > confirmation.
Inductive Logic
Truth through Probable Reasoning is accepted where all or some premises are not available, like statistical, hypothesis, game theory probability, analogical and the like. “Induction is a method of reasoning involving an element of probability, ibid (https://www.merriam-webster.com). In Inductive approach, you go for data first and then you try to frame a theory. “The aim is usually focused on exploring new phenomena or looking at previously researched phenomena from a different perspective. Qualitative research is most commonly linked or associated with Inductive approach,” -ibid (www.ukessays.com). How deductive logic compare to inductive logic?
“Inductive approach is common but less effective when compared to deductive. In this approach, you research the topic first and then argument comes up which is based on your research. This is also called reactive writing.”. Logic steps are:
Observation > Pattern > Tentative Hypothesis > Theory.
Deduction and induction logics are formal. At some points, informal logic is necessary, which is a hybrid of deduction and induction logics.
Informal Logic (Abductive Reasoning)
Among others, informal logic includes abductive reasoning. “In Abductive reasoning, the research may be revolutionary, intuitive, and creative.” -ibid (www.ukessays.com)
Charles Peirce (1839–1914) coined the term “abduction.” -ibid.
Characteristics of abduction logics are:
- “It’s an observation of an anomaly.”
- “Abduction of hypotheses is to explain the anomaly, inductive testing of the experimental hypothesis.”
- “Deductive confirmation that the chosen hypothesis forecasts the original anomaly (which is not an anomaly afterwards),” -ibid.
Compare deduction, induction and abduction
If we compare deduction, induction and abduction, we illustrate as in Figure 2: Compare deduction, induction and abduction.
After dealing the formal and informal logical philosophical methods, during logics some errors props in to invalidate Truth precision. Knowing some of these errors increases precision to truth, discussed below.
Logic Fallacies
Fallacies are incumbent self-deception during philosophizing. “Fallacies are common errors in reasoning that will undermine the logic of your argument. Often identified due to their lack of evidence, fallacies are illegitimate arguments or irrelevant points. Avoid these common fallacies in your own arguments and watch for them in the arguments of others.”12. Some of the common fallacies from Figure 1: Philosophy Branches are as follows:.
Some Truth Fallacies
- One: ad hominem “(of an argument or reaction) directed against a person rather than the position they are maintaining,” courtesy MS-Word 2019
- Two: ad populum: “Latin for ‘to the populous’, is a fallacy in which an ideas popularity or general use is used as an example of its validity.” -ibid
- Three: ad misericordiam “an appeal to pity is a fallacy in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his opponent’s feelings of pity or guilt,” -ibid
- Four: ad ignorantiuam “by use of unanswerable challenge to disprove rather than by serious attempt to prove (ibid.)
- Five: ad baculum “derives its strength from an appeal to human timidity or fear and is a fallacy when the appeal is not logically related to the claim being made,” -ibid.
Therefore, having briefly grasped philosophy, let me clarify the Truth and Untruth.
Illustrating The Truth and Untruth
PI-Spectrum Zones is for straining personal habits starting from Individual Spectrum (IS), then Public Spectrum (PS). The reason for these zone classifications is not an abuse to the misaligned persons (in Ultimate Enterprise, I call them CUE-Region persons). This work is determined to empower these people to be happy, breakthrough and be valuable to community. Consider Figure 3: Personal Influence Scanner Zones.
Detailing Figure-3
The truth is marked with a solid filling, the untruth (fallacy) without filling, and the comfort zone with a light filling from the PI-spectrum zones. These marks are in an infinite position because the philosophy is asymptotic to the truth and untruth. They are shown here for clarity. The philosophy is shown as a curve marked with PAT&U (Philosophy Asymptotic Truth & Untruth). The curve will never touch the two axes for truth and untruth because it is asymptotic.
Truth and Untruth are precisely reachable but never accessible. However, philosophers keep approaching with acceptable accuracy. After locating the score for IS and PS, a particular point is scribed in PI-Scanner Zones. PAT&U never accessing Truth or Untruth is from reality. Accessing truth is like manufacturing a 100% efficient system (like an engine) or a drug without side effects. Reaching untruth is like destroying a material completely (materials always change forms only).
Fitting the Four branches with PTR
The four philosophical branches are in line with PTR (Personal Tetra Receptors) discussed before. Recall PTR is a location of cognitive-ergonomic amenity between the patron and the recipient, revised below. PTR are locating amenity points, while philosophy is locating truth. Amenity is “pleasantness resulting from agreeable conditions,”13 which is the truth. PTR revisited below.
Spiritual Receptor: The Vision (orientation needs): Define the situation, values, and meaning of their life according to the imprinted orientation of an individual.
Emotional Receptor: Aligned alternatives from step one to emotional needs of an individual/organization, and
Cognition Receptor: Cognized vision using ingenuity. Vision set in steps one and two, using P2-Wizard (see details below), getting several alternatives.
Moral Receptor: Aligned and ascended alternatives to ethical needs of an individual/organization. Make use of available improving modifiers to all proposed solutions above, meeting all ethics and social affects.
PTR and the four philosophy branches mesh well enough to be combined.
Epistemology (Spiritual Receptor): on Truth
“Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that considers how people come to learn what they know. Derived from the Greek word episteme, meaning knowledge or understanding, epistemology refers to knowledge and truth. Epistemology proposes that there are four main bases of knowledge: divine revelation, experience, logic & reason, and intuition. These influence how teaching, learning, and understanding come about in the classroom,” ibid.
Metaphysics (Emotional Receptor): on Truth
“Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that considers the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality. It asks questions like, what is real? What is the origin of the world? What is beyond the stars? Your consideration of reality as an external creation or an internal construct can influence your metaphysical beliefs and perspectives of your teaching. Regardless of your definition of reality, the exploration and categorization of the physical universe form the foundation of several school subjects,” ibid.
Logic (Cognitive Receptor): on Truth
“Logic is the branch of philosophy that seeks to organize reasoning. Students of logic learn how to think structurally soundly. Logic has two types: deductive and inductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning involves examining a general case, deducing a general set of rules or principles, and then applying these rules to specific cases. Inductive reasoning involves taking specific examples and considering the general principles, rules, or cases that caused them,”-ibid.
Axiology (Moral Receptor): on Truth
“Axiology is the branch of philosophy that considers the study of principles and values. These values are divided into two main kinds: ethics and aesthetics. Ethics is questioning of morals and personal values. Aesthetics is the examination of what is beautiful, enjoyable, or tasteful. In axiology, education is more than just about knowledge but also quality of life,” ibid.
Ultimate Enterprise Truth
The four new PTR, namely Epistemology (Spiritual Receptor), Metaphysics (Emotional Receptor), Logic (Cognitive Receptor), and Axiology (Moral Receptor), are complimentary to each other as seen from Spiritual, Emotional, Cognitive, and moral intelligences. They mesh well with philosophy branches, as illustrated below.
Epistemology (Spiritual Receptor)
As defined above, Epistemology proposes that there are four main bases of knowledge: divine revelation, experience, logic & reason, and intuition. All four bases of knowledge are personal, meaning the product on an individual ability; they are internal or intrinsic gifts.
Metaphysics (Emotional Receptor)
“It is the study of the most fundamental concepts and beliefs about them. Examples of metaphysical concepts are being, existence, purpose, universals, property, relationship, causality, space, time, event, and many others. They are fundamental because all other concepts and beliefs rest on them. All knowledge and value are based upon the definitions of these concepts.”14. Unlike to epistemology, metaphysics are subjects from the bases of knowledge. Like what is the particular experience of time, causality on the earth? This means metaphysics is an extrinsic activity.
Logic (Cognitive Receptor)
As quoted above, logic has two types: deductive and inductive reasoning. The reasoning is about Epistemology (Spiritual Receptor) and Metaphysics (Emotional Receptor). It is decoding the reality of these two philosophical branches.
Axiology (Moral Receptor)
From the quote on axiology, “philosophy that considers the study of principles and values,”. During deductive and inductive reasoning of Epistemology (Spiritual Receptor) and Metaphysics (Emotional Receptor), expected ethics and values are scribed.
Comprehensive Personality Intelligences about Truth
This concludes that PTR and philosophical branches mesh together. This gives room to rewrite the personality intelligences as follows:.
Spiritual Intelligence (Si) is the power to explore and steer virtuous life by searching for knowledge and truth through divine revelation, experience, logic & reason, and intuition.
Emotional intelligence (Ei) is the power to steer and use our emotions to decode and benefit the physical universe and the nature of ultimate reality.
Cognitive intelligence (Ci) is the ability to organize reasoning using deductive and inductive reasoning.
Moral intelligence (Mi) is the study of principles and values, divided into ethics and aesthetics.
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